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The land and houses of the suburb of Buda – introduction

The name “Buda suburb” in the title of this work denotes a district of Pécs defunct since at least a century. The city was divided into districts in 1864 and thus this put an end to the division of the city according to the old, historical names of the streets leading in different directions. In public use, however, the name of Budaer, Szigeter and Siklóser suburb lives to the present day. Such terms even multiplied, for example, Uran [Uranium city], officially Új-Mecsekalja, for Kertváros [Garden city]. The use of the old name proved more beneficial in this case, because we want to look at a period of time in this area in which this name was the official one. In addition, the suburb of Buda did not by far stretch in the northern and eastern direction from the inner-city encircled by the wall, as the present sea of houses reaching up to Mecsekszabolcs. In other words, the name expresses that research into the emergence and development of the historic core is the target of that work, the results of which are summarized in the above title. Research in this direction of the wall enclosed part of Pécs, the former City Centre - which at the moment, perhaps not very applicable, is referred to as historical centre – has already been carried out and was published in 1978 under the title of "Pécs belváros Telkei it házai" [The land and houses of the Pécs city]. After the city centre, research into the suburb of Buda had to necessarily follow in the series. The Siklóser suburb began to develop - apart from some inns built beside the road and estates - only at the end of the last century; this had only little historical importance. The Sziget suburb had a very agricultural character. Its water power was insignificant, so there were only two mills. The lower one, the Balokányer mill - on the land bordered by József Attila, Szendrey Júlia and Högyes Endre utca – was sometimes without water, because the water in many cases from the Bálicser valley was used for the irrigation of the gardens. The craft industry as well was insignificant. It was represented only by shoemakers, drawstring shoemakers, carpenters, etc. Even though wine was just as important in the Buda suburb and employed as many people, the Tettye Creek with its strongly fluctuating, but significant amount of water and a height difference of 120 meters attracted with significant energy and water consumption, a former very large number of mills, fullers, drapers and blanket manufacturers, also tanners, many fur tanners, cordovan tanners, and sandal-makers. In contrast, the northern border of the examined area has not changed for centuries. The source of the Tettye creek forms the border. Although on the top of the source some houses were built in the last century, it was never part of the inner area. The city wall and Hunyadi János út form the western border that demarcates the Buda suburbs from the city centre and the suburb of Sziget. Only the identification of the eastern border was not clear. The deciding argument

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was that the extension in an easterly direction began only at the end of the 19th century and was not achieved until the 20th century. Since, while studying the inner city properties, 1895 was the expiration date of the land register of 1856 – that is, the date when the person denominated register was replaced by a log system - we have taken into account here this basic principle. In other words, each property on this site was recorded, which was published in the land register of the year 1856. The time limit was considered but not strictly adhered to. There were already streets whose development had begun in 1856, this process might be terminated only decades later. So that no undue gaps remain, the newer properties incurred during the period of validity of the register in the collection have been included. The southern boundary was the Rákóczi út, 48-as tér [48er place], then the embankment of the Üszöger railway. It is clear why the above outlined terms were of importance, if we examine the problem of the log system compared to the land register-deposit system. In this case, it is clear that the first land register begun in 1851 - first, because there was no land register to that time in our country – and set up according to the model of the valid land register in Austria, was performed by Austrian experts. The lack of local and language skills was very noticeable. The land register was subject to very many mistakes, which was exacerbated by the fact that at the same time no map was available and in the absence of the cadastral measurement not even the areal measurements of the properties were known. Because of this, at the beginning of the measurement, Duplatre-Quits were used. Obviously, their inaccuracy was detected and their use was discarded. The primary objective of the first land register system was providing appropriate taxation, the second aim was the protection of private property. Accordingly a log of every property owner as the owner was made, in which all properties of any type whatsoever were listed. If new homes were acquired, they were deleted from the protocol of the seller and entered in the minutes of the buyer. There were also cases where properties appeared in several protocols of the same name. A typical example was Vilmos Zsolnay, whose many homes or his rights to real estate of other owners can be found in 8-10 protocols at the same time. Therefore, his real estate circumstances were sometimes quite confusing. The encumbrances on the collateral were entered in the same protocols, or if the object is used as security for any debt of the owner. With the deposit system, the situation was reversed. Real estate was entered in an insert, and it is noted who is concerned with the related rights or obligations. In essence, this system is still valid, because with the occurred changes the land registries, while removed from the jurisdiction of the courts,

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were however abolished and the land offices took over their area of activity, the essence though remained unchanged. As a result of the above, we look at the data registered in the deposits as current, and after we explore the past of the real estate, the research essentially ends with the completion of the basic protocols. This does not mean, however, that we would not exceed this limit in important cases. It is not superfluous to mention that in the land register we understand only any land registration properties at any time, because the buildings created on the site were entered only at the request of the owner. In the early period of the introduction of the 1856 register, there were such initiatives, when it was noted how many shops and rooms were on the property in question - because one would have to tax this as well - this information was no longer entered in the land register. From the point of view of the researcher, it is considered very regrettable, because from many points of view important regulations and applicable, relating to the residential buildings, came into effect only after half a century, even if there were in this regard earlier approaches. As a result of what has been said so far, we have determined the area of the town and set the time limit of the investigation. Within this limit, we try to track the changes that occurred to the land, the intervening streets, squares, the public area and its use. If however the possibility exists, we also take the data of the houses built on the land and other facilities. Although the recording of historical events is not within our research scope, if an indication of an event considered as important came to light, it will be published as well. The researched information is contained primarily in the same sources as those related to the study of land of the city: urban conscriptions, real estate-related land registers / tax returns, reported in connection with the change of ownership of land: / the protocols of the city council or other regulations. In rarer cases the Episcopal archives and the archives of the cathedral chapter, data from the archive of the former reference centre. Later articles published in the local press, news, a few documents from the State Archive; maps, partial measurements which were predominantly performed by engineers of the city, land registers, files, statements of the city council, in some cases also the registers. However, there were two significant differences. One caused serious difficulties; the other was in turn beneficial. The basic initial source for the inner-city research was the so called land register created in 1722, found in the archive of Baranya county, titled "Grundt-Buch Gemainer Stadt Pécs". This indicated the important mass of all properties existing within the city wall, named the owner, the neighbours according to directions, the possible subsequent home garden, buildings, the names of the neighbouring streets.

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From this information one could identify the land of the land registers and its changes prior to 1722. One could follow the later occurring changes although not completely. The documents containing the data of individual time periods have indeed been lost, for this reason, "holes" in the chronological series remained in many cases. Unfortunately the history of the quarter of a century after the end of Ottoman rule in 1686 remains unknown because of the Kuruc-battles and the subsequent devastation of the Serbs. The situation became complicated and the hitherto free city came under the Episcopal Manor. The other, beneficial variation refers to the first half of the 1850s, since by 1851 work began on the editing of the land register. During this time the system based on the Fassions, the register of real estate changes was terminated, the land register, however, did not come into force until 1856. The changes that occurred in this period remained mostly unknown, because the documents were missing the editing. Later, after the release of the work "Pécs belváros telkei és házai" [The land and houses of the Pécs City Centre], they mostly came to the fore, which is why this data could be exploited in the study of the suburb of Buda. As mentioned above, the starting point for exploring the city centre was the land register of 1722. This was called only land register, because it was not continued, therefore it can be considered only a high estimate of conscription. We had thought to apply the same method also in the case of the study of the suburb of Buda. However, this was unfortunately not achieved. After the start of the work, difficulties resulted which required a more thorough examination of the register. The result was that the volume of the land register related to the suburb of Buda was not original, but a somewhat later made though not complete copy. It was missing a third of the then existing plots. In recent years a picture of the city was made by Dr. András Babics and Antal Fetter according to the preliminary land register. They as well noticed that the main road lines, which led from Buda and Siklós to Pécs, were completely undeveloped. Not only the inhabitants settled near these roads, there was also no restaurants or inns, which could provide the traveller quarters after the evening closure of the gates. From a document of February 13, 1736 it emerged that the house in the [today's] Kossuth Lajos utca 38 during the creation of the land register was given the number 223. But the number in the land register of recorded land was only 135. From the plot in the Kossuth Lajos utca 78 - the land which had existed for about one and a half centuries as the Kereszt [cross] Inn – it turned out that on 21 March 1735 it was not recorded in the land register. It was therefore not a designated site, although it could have existed at that time. This is not surprising, because across from it where the Felső balokány utca branches off from the Felsővámház utca. the Vörös Kereszt [Red Cross] stood, whose purpose was to prevent the ingress of the plague because it was at the end of the town. The inn apparently also therefore had the cross as a symbol.

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On the site of the cross stands even today - we know - its second successor. Although the cross was erected obviously already at the end of the 17th century, in 1722 the end of the city could have been far away. On this basis, it can be assumed that the number of homes missing in the land register amounted to about one hundred. The order of the land register entry was the reason that it was exactly the most important streets which were missing. The recording namely began at the municipal brewery at the Buda gate. From there, it went further on the west side of the Tettye valley to the Tettye tér [place], on the other side of the valley it went down over the Fűzfás in the Alsóhavi and Márton utca and ended on the Könyök utca. This is exactly where the recordings of the plots at the Buda and Siklós road had begun. In this way, the easternmost and the southern part of the suburb had been disregarded. From concurrent, or temporally close together data it could be noted with security or great likelihood that 86 land parcels had in 1722 already been built-up or were waiting for buildings. On this basis a decent map of the state of the Buda suburb of the year 1722 could be made. Since as a result of the above, the year 1722 could not serve as a starting point, the timing of the research had to be reversed. As a reliable starting point the land register of 1856 had to be chosen and the huge amount of data had to be worked on going backward. In comparison to the inner city, there was double the amount of data, an accumulation of data of the inner land purchased in different periods, which gave us the sources. So the researcher did not see that the suburb developed and spread, that streets appeared, but the opposite. The streets shrank, the houses disappeared, the plots were no more, they became vineyards, farmland, and mountain sides covered with bushes. Although this way was much more painstaking than planned, there was no other choice. Fortunately, in the meantime comprehensive works emerged containing five years on the editing of the land registers which included those changes; their absence would have led to significant uncertainties. The conscriptions conducted by the officials of the Royal Chamber in 1687 and 1695 offered a very sad picture of the state of the inner city. There was hardly an intact house. They do not resemble the Buda and the Sziget suburb. Apparently so, because they did not exist. Along the few, winding streets, there were only burnt out ruins, whose land parcels were called in connection with its sale “fire place”. The last post of the 1695 conscription refer to the suburb of Buda. Mentioned here is the "existing only in ruins" Turkish mosque with a large site, which is now the Ágoston tér [Augustine square] and the Ágoston Plébánia [Augustine parish]. And this is only because it became the property of the wife of the Buda administrator, Baron Kurz. The object of purchase files settled after 1710 – that is, more than a quarter-century after the departure of the Turks - is usually an unidentifiable fire ruin. There are many empty land parcels and few sold houses. This is because not only was money missing for the construction, but also the population, who would have had the means to build.

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With settlement coming mainly from the west, the number of inhabitants grew, so the destroyed city had to be rebuilt, even its expansion became necessary. Since the number of inner-city property was few and at the same time also expensive, they had to settle outside the city walls. It is obvious, that those who wished to settle down were mostly craftsmen, and preferred the suburb of Buda because of the existing hydropower. This was the reason why the Buda suburb always overtook the Sziget suburb in its development. But in order to expand, room was necessary. The small built-up area was surrounded by farmland and vineyards in the east, by vineyards to the north, by pastures and wet meadows in the south. These were constantly cultivated also in the Turkish times and had, with a small break after their departure been cultivated again. The difference was only that during the Turkish rule, not those Christians performed the farm work as after the termination. The expansion could take place only at the expense of the land and of the wine-growing area. So that we get an intimate image of this expansion, four maps were made. One shows the status of the investigation area from 1965. We had to choose one such moment, as individual parts of the suburb of Buda had not yet fallen victim to the reconstruction, where existent streets and land had not changed beyond recognition. Because the eastern side of the Iranyi Daniel tér and some parts of the Lánc, Harangöntő, Felsővámház, Felső and Alsó balokány and Farkas István streets have already disappeared, even Hunor's glove factory has incorporated a part of the area of the former houses, mills, and workshops of cordovan tanners. Even from one of the oldest streets, Alsóhavi utca hardly anything is left, Márton utca is shrinking. Therefore, we conducted our work on the basis of the cadastral map, on the land, lot numbers and street names at that time. Probably since then insignificant changes of street‑ and house numbers have occurred, perhaps due to justifiable reasons. Of these we have taken only one: the inclusion of the Mindszent utca in the Sörház utca. This had to be included because at this place, and at this time the expansion of Hunor's glove factory took place. Failure to comply with these factors would have affected the understanding of the situation which had become unclear. There is, however, also a historical background. Previously, already in 1865 and in 1913, the maps were produced according to the cadastral surveys, which are known and available, therefore anyone who is interested in the state of development of Pécs in connection with these periods, has the opportunity to inform themselves. We would rather draw a picture of how, from nowhere after the Ottoman period, when and how the suburb of Buda came to be. Therefore we have made three maps from the period of development. The foundation of the first is the already discussed land register of 1722, which needs to be amended due to its incompleteness. For this reason, we marked the boundaries according to two criteria. The land described in the land register we have tried on the basis of information found there to reproduce and gave them the number used there.

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We have drawn the boundaries with a continuous line. We have written the street names between the data. We have identified the properties missing in the land registry, but known from other sources and their probable extent with interrupted lines and used an X instead of a house number. The former names of the resulting streets remained however unknown. It was important to note such objects which are no longer there or changed, with utmost authenticity on the maps. Of these the most important is the Tettye and its paralleling mill channels. We believe that one could draw them reliably on the basis of available data. This statement does not refer to the lower course of the Tettye, the section under the Ágoston tér [square]. The direction of flow familiar to us, the river bed, is namely not natural but artificial. We know a mill channel that ran parallel to the east side of Felsőmalom utca, through the land parcels. It is obvious that the mills disappeared when the town in 1891, based on the water efficiency of the Tettye, built the water supply system and confiscated the water rights. Therefore, the mill channel began to disappear and its remains could be spotted here and there only by excavations. But here also one could see more or less reliably only its last state. This mill channel flows under the Ágoston tér in a sharp bend to the west, then turns in a straight line along the Felsőmalom utca and the Siklosi országút [Siklóser road] into the Pécsi víz [Pécs water]. The first surveyor of Pécs, Antal Duplatre, has noted this condition on a map made around 1780 and where he wrote: "Wasser flus von Pulfer Stampff", meaning [River of the powder mill]. It seems impossible that not even large amounts of rain water could have drained in the basin which came to light during excavations. However the snowmelt in the spring would have swept the mills away. On the same map, he shows the still well-known moat which branches off at the children’s nursery at Alsóhavi utca and bending in a rather easterly direction flows off in the lower part of the Márton utca. It crossed the Kossuth Lajos utca, and after it vanished under the bridge out of sight, ran behind the eastern land of Irányi Dániel tér in the Pécsi víz. Today, these open rivers are already laid underground, we can, however, well remind ourselves of the hard flowing deluge down there in the past few decades, which sometimes took not quite cautious lives with it and even a child drowned in it. Strangely this channel is marked on the map of Duplatre only up to the Temető utca; it is possible that it did not constantly have water, but only in the rainy season when the millstream of the Felsőmalom utca could not take the waters overflowing it and diverted it to the community pasture and meadow under the city. Here are two facts to keep in mind. One, that the above two water basins are artificial, the result of human labour, that is, starting from the junction, and both, particularly the eastern, leaves the scree of the Tettye. The second, that the eastern branch is not mentioned in the first half of the 18th century, in the land register of 1722.

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It is true that one would have to mention the branch only at the place of the Serbian Church as its northern border. In the lands it touched, because they were missing in the land register, no mention can be made. Therefore, we do not know for sure whether the eastern branch existed at the beginning of the 18th century, or not. As can also be seen on our map, Irányi Daniel square was still undeveloped and fully and completely a market place. It was bordered to the west by the long plots of inns of the city and the rear end of the plots of the Felsőmalom utca, in the east by meadows and later, gardens. Therefore, it has left no traces in the urban literature until their allotment was conducted. The Tettye, though, must have had a natural river basin, which drained under the given site conditions on impact of water flowing down from the fairly straight and steep Tettye valley, essentially had to lie in a straight continuation. This is shown also in the form of the scree slope. In other words, the natural basin could be somewhere between the two channels. Very interesting from this point of view are the excavations of archaeologist Gábor Kárpáti by the Janus Pannonius Museum in the period from July 28 to August 3, 1977. The ground sank on the eastern end of property no 11 in Felsőmalom utca. One immediately thought of cellar collapse and shaft workers laboured to lay it free. In the shaft under the 7th meter, they bumped on a 130 cm thick layer consisting of animal bones, leather and hair residues, waste and ceramic shards – among them Turkish or similar ceramic. The shaft section represented a former river basin on whose bottom water still babbles. He suspected that the filling up of the basin took place about the middle of the 18th century. Of course a reference proves nothing. However, the question arises whether there could perhaps be a link between the embankment of the river and the construction of the eastern channel. Because such a trench has divided in two all land of the Felsőmalom utca. The owners were therefore interested in its abolition. At the same time the city was interested in supplying the large community garden with water - although there is no trace of this in the logs of the council meetings. This, however, unfortunately, has no special meaning. Not only because quite a few logs are missing. But experience has shown that more important things occurred, which left no trace in the logs, in certain cases, there are also written notes about this. Many issues have been discussed apparently not at the green but at the white table. Striking is that while the valley section of the Tettye was covered by mills, fullers, tanners, fur tanners, cordovan tanners, and blanket manufacturers and, though less often, they were also on the lower section, no water or energy-intensive industry was built next to the eastern junction. However, we will take a look at the state of the suburb. The location, the plan of the gunpowder mill built by the Turks in Tettye sqare and the mill channel which led to it could be traced according to authentic sources. The ruins of the Renaissance summer residence of Bishop Szathmáry - eponym of Tettye – still largely exist.

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These were, in Turkish times, a Dervish monastery, turk. "tekke", the Magyar form being "Tettye", according to the experts. It turned out that the Mindenszentek temető [All Saints cemetery] at the time expulsion of the Turks, that is, also during the Ottoman period is identical in its form and extension with today's. Because one cannot assume that during Turkish times it was created by the few Christians, it is obvious that its churches are a medieval relic. This could have been the - or at least a - cemetery of medieval Pécs. With regard to the medieval layered burials it is likely that this cemetery was never fully occupied, and there was no need to create a new cemetery until 1777, when Maria Theresa of Austria regulated the funeral formalities. Immediately at the southern end of the cemetery, on the present site of the glove factory, the plot of the last house of the Jesuits who proselytised here in Turkish times could be detected, which became the parish of the city with the All Saints Church as a parish church after the Turks and remained so until 1780. The information relating to the Jesuits was explored by Ádám Fricsy SJ in Rome. Since his research agrees with the data found here, there was clarity on this issue. The Serbian word "zidina" means 'great wall, large ruins'. Here in Pécs it is the ruins of the nunnery, whose building blocks the Dominicans used for the construction of their religious house. This fact is therefore known to us because Bishop Nesselrode undertook everything to prevent the Dominicans from doing so. So, it was preserved in several records. The contours of the land of the nunnery could be traced with satisfactory accuracy. The above listed were those factual monuments which have been preserved from the middle ages or the Turkish times in the suburb of Buda. It can, however, not be excluded that the rác (Serbian) Church, the Poturluk, and the beginnings of the Balokány go back to the Turkish times. We do not know when the Serbian Church and school were established. However, after the edict of the city which expelled people of other faiths on 7 April 1692 took place, and the rácok (Serbs) had built a church and school in these first five turbulent years are witness of an inflated belief and thirst for knowledge. The public fountain, Poturluk, was in the Vince utca. According to sources, it had water of good quality and in ample quantity over an underground line from a source on the slopes of Havihegy. It is true that this name did not show up in the urban writings until 1744. No evidence was found, however, that the city took it over after the Turks and built the underground line and the fountain house. After that, there was only talk of repeated repairs of the line and the fountain. Then we read that the water in the city brewery was taken by tapping into the line. The Turkish-Slavic origin of the name Poturluk and the underground line seem to support the possibility that the name of the well and its surroundings have been preserved from the Ottoman period.

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The situation with the Balokány is similar. According to the etymologists "balokána" is a Slavicized Turkish word and means water-based, muddy field. Information which came to light reported that the body of Balokány Lake was a pit of at least 200 x 150 meters. If we take into account, however, how much the Zsolnay utca, not only the Balokány, but previously the tennis courts too, lie even on a part of the former cemetery, it is imaginable that such pits existed there previously. Over the centuries, clay for the burning of brick and mud-brick production could be taken from there. The yield was discontinued only when the clay had been used up and the groundwater layer had been reached. New springs emerged and made the pits into a mud lake. Then a new pit was begun. Since this watery, muddy area fully corresponds to the meaning of the word "balokánia", it becomes understandable that the name appears earlier than the lake. After all, the city only later built reservoirs surrounded by dams to collect and keep back the water issuing from the ground. The other buildings and facilities are all the result of the work of the hardworking citizens of the liberated city. The first two installations in the suburb of Buda, which were built by the city, were the brewery and the execution place. We do not know the exact date of their construction, because the entire literature was destroyed during the devastation of the Serbs on March 26, 1704. The Administration was only slowly being restored. Therefore, the first protocols of meetings as of 1707 exist only in part, and with hardly any written material from this early period. Based on later information, Hodinka believed that the brewery was in operation already in 1695. It stood in today's Sörház utca 4 until 1825. The execution place is of the same age as the brewery. What we could learn of its construction and its early period, we published in our communication in the 1977 annual of the Janus Pannonius Museum. The Calvary was built in 1701 by the Jesuits, but only with 7 stations. Then about 1712, they built the three crosses and increased the number of stations to ten. Before 1722 the House of the Augustinians was built; the reconstruction of the mosque to a Catholic Church came later. During this first period, only the core of the suburb, on today's Kossuth Lajos utca and north of the adjoining site was built. To the east, it was bordered by the expanding Orsolya utca. Sörház utca did not exist at that time. There was only a path. On the west side was the ditch of the city wall. At the eastern border, was the brewery and directly above it, two civil land parcels. From there, beyond the Ágoston tér and to the north, an empty site stretched which was a possession of the Jesuits, Augustinians and the city. The site of the former Nunnery was empty. Only below and over it was some land parcels built on no man's land. Then a row of mills were located to the north along the mill ditch, to the Tettye tér, accompanied by about a dozen houses. On the other shore of Tettye creek, there was only a mill. The mills initially all came into the possession of the Bishop and were divided up only later between the different institutions of the clergy and private owners.

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At the mill and the millrace as well, damage was apparently done in times of confusion, these were however quickly eliminated because the Liberation Army needed flour. Later, the mill along the opposite side became the mill of the cathedral chapter. The "Mühl weeg", led to this, beside which today's Majtényi utca was coming into being. The two sides of the lower part of Király utca were studded with civil land, which with the Márton utca and Alsóhavi utca formed a closed unit. At first, only a dozen houses indicated the Felsővámház utca to the east. This was followed only by the felső és alsó vámház [upper and lower Customs House] and the brickworks of the city. Along the Felsőmalom utca there were initially no residential plots. There were gardens, mills, estates and tanners. So this was how the suburb of Buda looked in 1722. Its development was made difficult not only by the reconstruction after destruction in the Turkish times, but was certainly inhibited by the expulsion of the Serbs who were located there and by the damage of the Serb devastation in 1704. The crooked, winding streets are characteristic of the area referred to as the core of the settlement. Due to the fact that this area was built first, we conclude that in the Turkish times or maybe even before, the suburb of Buda lay between Kossuth Lajos utca and the Ady Endre utca. The foothills were only the commercial part and the estates. To be mentioned is that those burned areas, which could be identified, were also in this area. The following map seeks to portray Pécs which was raised to the status of a free royal town. Significant changes occurred during this period and the area of the suburb of Buda was greatly increased. A big event was that Bishop Klimó - according to his intention to establish a university – built in 1770 under the ruins of Tettye tér a multi-levelled, two-course paper mill. Under it worked the fullers of the ceiling makers. Of the mills only those remained that stood at the end of the Gyuri út. The mill in the Ferenc utca belonged to the priest seminary, which later formed the core of the glove factory. The mill with a separate mill channel on the other side of Tettye valley was in the possession of the cathedral chapter. Directly under the mill of the cathedral chapter is the Poturluk. On October 26, 1753, the Council instructed the master mason of Mátyás Petz to rebuild the defective part of the channel leading to the well with bricks, for which he paid 5 guilders per square fathom, but the bricks were provided by the city. For this repair, Petz built 6 square fathoms for 30 guilders, which was a large sum at that time. You could buy a house for that. Later, on January 25, 1774, the town concluded a contract with the carpenter Mihály Agner, according to which he could tap into the line leading from the "Brünnen Quill" [fountain source] to the "Putter Brünn" [Putter fountain] in the vicinity of the well and build a line using wooden ducts to the / approximately 500 meters distant brewery. For this work, the city will pay 340 guilders.

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The city paid additionally for the tapping to the fountain house. Canon Sándor Fonyó - at that time city priest – had had the All Saints Church Canon renovated in the 1730s. He built a choir and on it a tower. The two crypts were apparently being completed at that time. House no. 15-19, standing opposite the church, was purchased on behalf of Fölföldy, parish priest of Szászvár, and with the money from Menyhért Fonyó for 103 Kremnica gold pieces. Fölföldy intended to go into retirement and to come here. After his death the church is to inherit the house and it is to be a "deficientium", a home for retired priests. Bishop Berényi had approved the relevant document on July 22, 1745. Fölföldy died in 1757, and in the conscriptions the house became the home of the Church. Though we did not find whether it was actually specified as a priestly home, but it was mentioned in the urban conscriptions with the name "deficientium". After 1780, when the parish church of the city became the inner-city church, there was no need for this church. The property of the parish was divided by the city, as its new patroness, into four areas, was sold. These now form the northern part of the glove factory. After the exemption certificate left it up to the city, whether it holds the city walls in repair or not, it sold the Buda gate in 1786. Together with this, the city sold two large land areas in the moat. These two sites were built up immediately. The church of the Augustinians was also completed. When this was, we not know, however. In 1722, the mosque was in still a ruin. It was first mentioned as a church in 1745. It was built so that a sanctuary was built onto the mosque, roofed, and beside it, a bell tower. But this small church did not last long. The public building in its vicinity and cattle stalls burned down in 1750 and with them also the church and the bell tower. Because of high winds, houses of some citizens in the vicinity also caught fire. After that, the church was rebuilt. In front of it, a choir, and therein a tower, was built. The church was vaulted. All this could go ahead only slowly, because in 1769, a shoemaker left 200 guilders for the construction of the tower. The religious house fared slightly better. It caught fire, but did not burn completely. When, we do not know. But in 1745, a tertiarius of the order obtained the permission of the bishop to collect donations on the territory of the diocese for the recovery of the burnt down religious house of "a few years ago". In place of the former Serbian church, the Bishop had allowed to be built, an inn referred to as "Fekete sas" [Black eagle], which in 1786 still belonged to the Bishop, but in 1790 was in private hands. Around 1748 the city purchased that house, which it so far had rented for the same purpose, but in 1786 sold it. This house was located at the corner of Lajos Kossuth utca and Irányi Dániel tér. The new owner had already served wine under the sign. It was called the "Római császár" [Roman emperor]. Across from the Buda gate, the city built a butcher shop, as well as in two other areas, but when, we do not know, in 1722 they did not yet exist. In 1763, they were mentioned for the first time. But at that time they had to have existed for a long time, because they had to be built anew in 1789.

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The word "balokány" in the suburb of Buda we meet in 1746 for the first time. Márton Gregorics, merchant, at that time made an offer to the city, that he is ready to clean up the "Ballukanya", in order to bring and to transform them into a meadow if he gets them tax free for eight years. The treaty was signed. But in the accounts of the city it appears that the city had in 1758-59 surrounded the meadow and had dug a water ditch to the "Canalis". As it later turned out, this had multiple objectives. The top most source was seized by the city for drinking water for the surrounding inhabitants and it established a washing area for the women. They collected the water of the sources bubbling on the floor between the dams. In these horses could swim. A lock was built at the southern end of the basin. There the amount of stored water could be regulated. The excess water was led through the gap into the current Pécsi víz [Pécs water]. At the same time, the water stored in the basin served as a reserve for a possible outbreak of fire. The development of the entire system we know very well from later maps. The situation of the interior changed significantly during this period. In the Tettye utca at the foot of the vineyards residential plots came to be and houses were built. The site of the former nunnery was also built up. After the Dominicans between 1725 and 1730 transported from there the stones needed for the construction of their religious house, they allowed some citizens to build houses for themselves on the local ruins area against rent. The land parcels were formed later. This can be recognized because of the forms of the land. It is visible that the houses were not built according to the land, but the area was later divided as possible. Here, the city did not intervene. The 1722 conscription registered the dozen houses standing there as being built on the grounds of the Dominicans. The former Mindszent utca was expanded, also the northern half of the Sörház utca. The former real estate of the Jesuits at the lower, southern, part of the street under the Ágoston square the city purchased as a result of the dissolution of the order, and parcelled it out already in 1776. Thus arose the eastern, even-numbered row of houses of the Sörház utca. The construction of the Barátur környék began on the other side of the Tettye valley. The street now bearing the name of Barátur was only a ditch on the north side at the foot of the vineyards with its so called "underground homes", Domus subterranae. The last was sold in 1850 with a 9 square fathoms property. Then an empty, undeveloped area began - obviously because of the unsuitabilityof the site. This was followed by the completely built-up Majtenyi utca pedestrian street and above it some houses. Ady Endre utca stretched already to Katalin utca. The portion underneath it developed little because there, in the Benga, no further spread was desired. In this area were the fields of the city. On these the city wanted to create a graveyard as an extension of the Mindenszentek [All Saints] cemetery which was filling up. The city was forced to do so due to the regulation of the Governors Council of September 21, 1777, which ordered the burial by rows and a thirty year rest period of the crowded cemeteries. For the non-Catholic residents a portion with a 61 feet large trench had already been sectioned off, and created a smart crucifix there in 1786 for two guilders.

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The new cemetery was created but not there. The Felsővámház utca already reached upper Zollhaus [toll house building]. Among them were also settled the Lánc, Harangöntő, and Felső of balokány streets to the Halász utca. The first houses appeared on the east side of Irányi Dániel tér and also at the beginning of the Vilmos Zsolnay utca. On almost all land of the Felsőmalom utca houses were built, although the mills, tanners and cloth makers workshops were still in operation. In this period, 1773, József Pelikán built the Gerberhaus No. 9, which later under the name Mágocser, Frydlant Dörfl, Derfli became a well-known dance and entertainment centre of the German citizens. So the city looked when it was elevated to the nobility, the free royal city and became independent. Apparently, that was not so easy. The city had more or less failed. Much that had not yet been done had to be rescheduled for later. Hungarian, until then the language of administration, was replaced by the nobler Latin. But not every official would have been eminent in the school, because some of their formulations could cause serious headaches for Latin teachers. The greatest difficulties were, however, economic. During the previous period there were the many deputations who brought to Vienna many gifts, and the extremely magnificent hosting of the many visitors, all of which had cost much money. However, the largest part though was the transfer fee to the bishop. The city could fund the costs so incurred only through loans; it was thus totally in debt. Most people were very poor. The city could not charge them. The fortunes of the city consisted mainly of real estate. So, one had to start with their sale. When the city would have thus managed quite nicely, the Napoleonic wars began with inflation as a result. The city was constantly filled with military because the military affairs of South Transdanubia were led from the "Generalathaus", the still existing "Stock-ház". In vain the many soldiers brought much money to the city; the burden of the quartering, the demands of the military force cost a lot. Therefore, there was no possibility of development during the period up to 1828. The economic situation of the city had to be provided as evidence for the assessment whether it would meet the needs for the status of a free royal town. For this reason, in 1777, the Council had the entire city and its government area measured by the sworn surveyor, Antal Duplatre. He also made the map of the city and the real estate register. However, nothing has been preserved of these. We know only of copies of some parts. We do not know if there are exact copies of the Duplatre map, or just poor copies, and whether they include the changes which occurred until the date of copying, or not. Maybe the shortcomings of the city contributed to it that discrepancies appeared in the real estate. So the Council meeting decided on 13 February 1784, that it concludes a contract with the sworn surveyor, Ferenc Quits - who later became an excellent engineer of the city - stating that he, on the basis of the Liber fundalis sive Castri, makes a new list of real estate, from which the property of all owners should be detectable.

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For this he gets 200 guilders and six fathoms of firewood. The work was also completed, but without a newer map. Understandably the here used parcel numbers did not agree with those on the maps of Duplatre or appear also on the remaining copy. On top of that, the work of Quits was lost. However, there remained a list, which was made for the year 1786/87. This includes all inner open fields, also the “topographic number”, i.e. the property, their house number, the name of the owner, the property measurement and whether it is built up. Luckily, for a long time, this list was used for things, because in most cases the name of the new owner was registered. This list therefore often helped because sales were not always declared, in order to save the cost of rewriting. In 1828, the Buda-Governor Council ordered the "Regnicolaris conscriptio", the nation-wide survey. For its preparation it sent a detailed statement on its implementation to the party liable for its collection. But the survey is not available for Pécs, however, there is a mistake-free copy in the county archives, which was made after the copy in the provincial archives. It is valuable material. From this, we have taken the required data for the purpose of our work. This justifies that we have made a map of the state of the city of 1828. In addition we have taken into account the changes between 1786 and 1828. During this period the fastest expansion of the suburb of Buda occurred. Where it was in any way possible, the city parcelled it out in order to come to funds; for the same reason it also invested very little. After the death of Bishop Klimó, there was no successor for his wish, to establish a university. For the chapter concerns the always unprofitable paper production was an uncomfortable burden, therefore it sold the paper mill in 1819. The buyer, city Governor Spiesz, handed it over to the city and the brewery of the city moved up there. Above it was built a multi-storey house, including stable, carriage shed, on the top a beer bar and ballroom. The old brewery was sold. The fullings under the paper mill were bought by the blanket manufacturing guild. Mindenszentek [All Saints] cemetery, henceforth known as Ótemető [old cemetery] or so Alsó Temető [lower cemetery] - was overcrowded, which is why urgent measures had to be taken. For some reason, the planned cemetery at the Felsővámház utca was leased as farm land and also sold with the intention to open a new cemetery on the other bank of Tettye creek. A commission was sent out for review of the chosen place - the plum garden above the mill of the cathedral chapter. We do not know the commission's report. Probably it was deemed to be unsuitable, because one could not dig sufficiently deep graves because of the rocky ground. For this reason, the vineyards of the row houses between the "deficientium" and today's Ótemető utca were expropriated. The section reaching up to the Hatház utca was kept, the top portion was sold. On the site obtained in this way the new or upper cemetery was inaugurated in 1792, where henceforth the burials took place.

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This cemetery was not used long due to the new funeral regulations and was overcrowded in 1822. For this reason the fence of Ótemető [old cemetery] on the west side, where there were houses, had to be restored and in the same year, funerals were held there. After Emperor Joseph broke up the Order of Saint Augustine, the vacated monastery and the church as of 789 became the parish of the suburb of Buda. Thus, the Mindenszentek church lost its entire meaning and during the past centuries a mass was celebrated only sometimes, only once a year, on All Saints Day. The mills of the seminary and of the cathedral chapter were bought by private individuals. Weaver József Ábel built today's Calvary in the years 1812-14 with his own money and donations. The house in the Sörház utca No. 13 was purchased by the city. It was restored and provided as a primary school. This was the first school in the suburb of Buda. The accelerated expansion was strongly helped because most sold properties were very reasonably priced. On the Tettye, the city sold two properties. The civil shooting site, later restaurant, was later built on this. The city sold the ditch along the entire city wall. During this period, the entire Vak Bottyán utca was formed and even the beginning of Hunyadi János út. Land was also sold for the northern row of Vak Bottyán utca; these were however not so easily arable. The builders dug down so the bottom of the hill to gain a construction area so much, that the city had to prohibit this. The terrace of the Sörház utca was built up along the walls. This became since the eastern row of houses were already there, actually an alley. In the Vince utca there was also some land. However, the major part was from the workshops of the cordovan tanners, the fullers, which were transformed into houses only when their industry was going under. In the bulge of Vince utca beside the Poturluk wells in the bottom the glazier Ulses and János Kniffer bought in 1806 the area to be set up as a saw mill, to which civil land was connected. Later, in 1826, the whole thing came into the possession of Kniffer. The Király utca was extended also by some land. Ady Endre utca was widened only by some scattered land. But the change of the cemetery plan allowed for inclusion of further room for expansion. In the Benga was the upper half of the Erzsébet utca and the beginning of the Rudas László utca. Irányi Dániel tér was built in its full length. Furthermore: after 1813-14 along the Zsolnay Vilmos utca a straight road was built, it was necessary to move the picturesque bridge with the statue of Saint John of Nepomuk before the property no. 1 further to the south, which extended the plot and the lower land. Between the Alsó balokány utca and the road remained a piece of pasture land. The road was given a bridge where it reached the Balokány. From the Felsővámház utca and the Felső balokány utcák [streets] rainwater is led down through those nameless passages, where this bridge was built, decorated by the "Szent Éva Képe" [Image of St. Eva].

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The last bridge was built in front of the custom house. On March 27, 1820, the Felső and Alsó balokány utcák were haunted by a conflagration. From the Harangöntő utca outward 104 houses burned and 96 stalls, so to speak everything. The Council thought that the fire had spread so much because the houses were too close to each other. To decrease the density of the houses, the grazing between the houses and the new road was divided up and sold to the owners of adjacent land in the Balokány utca. Therefore, the rebuilding of the houses of the Alsó balokány utca along the highway took place and so appeared the current Zsolnay utca. To complete this procedure, the Council sold the land along the highway up to the bottom of the custom house. On the south side it could not do this, because the site was used by military transport. It deserves to be mentioned that in connection with the above the Harangöntő, Felső and Alsó balokány utcák [streets] were also widened. One can imagine how they originally could have looked. The Balokányer water storage was so silted and damaged that it had to be desludged and patched. But this would have cost more than 6000 guilders. As a result, the City Council decided that the work be done in better times. For it though, the planning was beneficial, because urban engineer Simon Novák produced a detailed map of the water reservoir - because at the time it was never called Tó [see] - of the water system, the dam, the channels and sources, in which the whole "Balokány problem" could be clarified. The Felsőmalom utca also developed. The city sold the land plots in the moat, with the exception of Katalin köz. This also continued to have the function to direct the rainwater at the upper end of the Timar utca out through the walls. On the east side the Baroque, Classicist and Romantic style of row houses began to arise. The houses No 11 and 19 were built. At the end of the street, the restaurant of the brewery master stood next to the Buda gate. Opposite was the Bárány Inn, with its other name of Lambel Wirth’s House. At the bottom of the street, was the inn Vörös Ökörhöz [to the Red Ox], in which there were even billiards. Especially to be mentioned is the oldest, biggest and longest existent business establishment of Pécs, the bell maker’s workshop. The first master bell maker of Pécs was János Fischer. He lived in the Lánc utca on a fairly large property. He though did not have his workshop here, but in the area around the junction of the Felső balokány utca and the Halász utca, on an at that time not yet inhabited area beyond the gypsy huts clustered on the edge of the municipal garden, where lived the violinists, blacksmiths and locksmiths - on the site of today's Major utca 10. This was noted in 1775 in the acts as fallow land. In 1778 it is, however, the bell house. Fischer died, his widow remarried the bell maker Veinperth and the operation remained until 1816, when Veinperth bought the grange on the present-day Irányi Dániel tér 11-13 and moved his workshop there. In the same way I have just described János Kristóf Rupprecht also came to this operation, which was taken over by his sons, and the foundry equipped with an expanded assortment produced for a long time into this century.

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Important not for the individual sites, but for the local area was the official naming of the streets done for the first time in 1804 in Pécs. Of course this referred to the entire city. In the suburb of Buda, thirty streets were given names. Now, the name history of the streets of the suburb of Buda could be finished since it was in possession of sufficient data. In the second part of this book we deal especially with the history of the street names. It must be pointed out in particular, that on the map of 1828, we marked the borders of each land with broken lines, for example the property of Kossuth Lajos utca 59-61. We wanted to show in this period these lands were still independent, but later were incorporated into the expansion of the tannery Erreth into the area of the Serb Church. Therefore, only the expanded area is shown on later maps and not the specific development process. This appears to a greater degree on the grounds of the Zsolnay factory. In 1828 there was not yet a ceramic operation, but then, over time this land was created. These were bought by the Zsolnays with great delay. The Felső balokány and Major utcák as well as the Vámház [Customs House] have been incorporated in this century into the referenced site complex. This could somehow be grouped together in a drawing, only with suppression of the fourth dimension, i.e. time. These lands however are later treated individually. The registered and underlined house numbers of the plots were issued in the house numbering during the course of 1887: these numbers exist, probably hidden, even today. The possibility of differentiation is made possible by the underlining of the numbers. We believe we have outlined the changes of this half-century in the suburb of Buda. In the following, we offer an overview of changes made to the end of the 19th century. The Council received the report that in 1847. “Antal Piatsek increased the wall of Pécs creek to a fathom", why is unfortunately not known. Thus only the spreading rate of the creek was reduced, and at a time in which there already were often complaints of lack of water. The situation changed when in 1892 the city got a new water supply system. Because of this, the city dispossessed all the rights in connection with the Tettye creek, bought the mills and tore almost all of them down. This was also the fate, after some adversity, of the paper mill. After closure of the brewery, József Piatsek achieved its sale at a knockdown price under difficult circumstances. It was bought from him by Keresztély Hüttner and he began again with the paper production. He also wanted to spread out because he bought from the city the ruins of the Episcopal summer residence. Unfortunately he declared bankruptcy and the ruins again became the property of the city. Finally they were torn down in 1895 and except for the still visible remnants only the coat of arms carved in stone of Bishop Klimó remained as a single monument. This lay around for seventy years in the water, until it finally was brought to the university library. The south side of the Episcopal summer residence was unfortunately demolished in 1894 because of danger of collapse.

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When the Classicist Town Hall was built, the City Council recommended to "dot the main gate with the stones of the gunpowder mill". That meant the end of the gunpowder mill, since in 1834, their last remnants on the streets of the city disappeared. The land of Tettye tér No. 3-6 was purchased by the Tettye Society; but in 1870 it was acquired by the shooting club. It built a shooting house and a rifle range; they ended up in foreign ownership after one and a half decades and disappeared. A fire similar to the Balokány on February 21, 1894 captured the Barátur környék. In the morning at 4 am a barn began to burn. Because of furiously strong winds at the time, the fire spread quickly. 56 houses, 33 stables and 26 barns were its victims. The estimated value of the damage amounted to 16.790 guilders. The Ó‑temető [old cemetery] filled up very quickly, already by 1832, which is due to the cholera epidemic of 1831, and a new cemetery had to be created urgently. As at the original location in the vicinity of the Mindenszentek Church there was no place, the municipal area under the Temető utca was the new place. Ó‑ and Új‑temető [age and new cemetery] remained unexploited even during the rest period. According to a report from the year 1838, the tombs of the population had been levelled and planted with beans, peas and potatoes. Finally, the city asked the Bishop for approval for the use of the cemetery for secular purposes, and this was received. The sale of Ó-temető was postponed due to the reverence of the surviving family members, and it was only the Új-temető that was sold. The Mindenszentek church waited, hoping for better days. Already at the beginning of the 1930s, the Pauliners tried to settle there, but then they built on the Magaslati út. Finally, in 1934-36 the female Barefoot Carmelites built a monastery there. The change for the cemetery was that instead of a moat, it was surrounded by a stone fence. Also at the southern end a car entrance was built, but due to the great difference in height, the fence had to be transferred further south. The St. John of Nepomuk fountain and basin standing on the corner of Tettye and Vak Bottyán utca, through which flowed the total water requirements of the city centre, was transferred to the north because of increasing traffic. When, however, in 1865 the house Tettye utca 1, the Czenger barracks were erected, they were again in the way. Finally the pool was built in the house, and the statue of the saint was accommodated in a built-in niche above it. There it is still up to the present day, protected fortunately by an iron grille. With the increase in the number of inhabitants, there were not enough schools. Therefore a substantial, large, multi-story school was built in the Felsővámház utca in 1873. Together with this, the Farkas István utca was formed. The old school in the Sörház utca was rebuilt in 1885 into a public school for girls. Since there were still too few schools, the city bought a mill on the Ágoston tér and in it built their then largest school, also in 1885. This had a two-fold task. On the ground floor, there was a kindergarten, on the floor above an elementary school.

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In this time, the Augustinian monastery, which was already the parish, was separated from the Church. The Tettye, whose bed had been moved slightly further away from the church flowed between them. The old brewery in the Sörház utca was again put into operation and kept until the brewery Scholcz built its modern beer factory outside the city. The city also sold the meat markets. János Hamerli bought the property no 13-15, a cordovan tanner workshop, in the Tettye valley in the Vincze utcza and it started the manufacture of glove leather. This occurred in 1877. When, however, the Vince utca was finally regulated, it was discovered that he had taken over the majority of the land of the Kniffer saw mill which the city had purchased. Only in this century did the glove factory move up from the valley into the Ferenc utca. The cattle market was moved out of the city and in its place the cereal market came from Szent István tér. Therefore, Vásártér [marketplace] became the Marhatér [cattle place]. The sign of the hotel Római császárhoz [to the Roman emperor] also changed. First it was more modest, only under the sign "Hét választófejedelem" ["Sieben Kurfürsten, Seven Princes"], then it became Het fejedelem [Seven Princes], which could be interpreted as Hungarian. This was maintained until it became a popular buffet. Towards the market place opened the gate of the Első pécsi omnibusz társaság [First Pécs bus company]. Finally, the tent of "Vinkler bioszkop" gave the south-western corner of the marketplace some importance. The executioner's house was moved from the Citrom utca somewhere onto the site of the Balokányer cemetery. When the cemetery was laid out there, it came before the quarry close to the execution place. As in 1843 it was torn and later the first man of the city was not called judge but mayor, the executioner’s house continued to exist as the place of the skinner, beside the renderer. Now its address is Bokor utca 5. Because the city grew towards the east beyond the customs houses, both the upper as well the lower were sold, and a new one was built at the confluence of the Felsővámház utca and the Buda road. It is true that under the Balokány at the Basamalmi út one also had to be built. The founder of the dynasty, the merchant Miklós Zsolnay, in 1851 purchased the property in the Felsővámház utca 80 from Antal Piacsek as well as the there-standing brick factory. This he sold to his son Ignác, who constructed a stone dish factory there. Since the operation landed in economic troubles, Vilmos Zsolnay took it over in 1864 and laid the foundation for today's factory. This space was needed. He purchased the neighbouring land, gardens, and houses, and so the new site evolved as can well be seen on our map. The descendants of Zsolnays also had a share. As a last act, he asked the town if it would sell to him the hills of the execution place with the quarry and the rendering place. The city was willing, if he built a new rendering place in the assigned place. He did so. He converted the rendering place into workers’ housing. The descendants had to shift the confluence of the Major utca into the Vilmos Zsolnay utca by 30 metres to the west and integrate the resulting area in the factory. The customs house had same fate. In the interest of better circulation, the city moved the mouth of the Felsővámház utca east of the custom house and built a new customs house.

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So, the customs house was connected to the factory. Only the former clay pit on the south side of the street now had to be connected to the factory, which was needed because due to the diversion of the railway, the construction of a shipping track was necessary. Already at that time they wanted to perpetuate the merits of Vilmos Zsolnay and first named the Föld utca after him. But later they wanted to name it Perczel utca, after more consideration it became the Vörösmarty utca. The Economic Commission recommended to the town meeting, that they let the hill of the execution place become Zsolnay Grove, and the rendering plant, Zsolnay Grange. Fortunately, not a single proposal was adopted by the city assembly. Finally, the mausoleum was built some metres above the execution place, in which for over half a century the earthly remains of Vilmos Zsolnay lay undisturbed. There were significant changes to the Balokány. So that the lake could be used, it had to be cleaned. For this, Márton Offenmüller, the deputy urban engineer, made a low-cost plan. Around the edge the basin was to be deepened and an island built from the excavated mud. The encircling lock system would not change. The plan was also carried out and from 1838 leased to the fur cutter master Ferenc Vitéz. At the eastern part of the lake he built a swimming pool, and on the island a ballroom and billiard room. The tenants changed until 1857 when Adolf Engel leased the lake. The lease was low, because he committed himself to build in the lake, a swimming pool made of oak, dimensions 14 x 8 fathoms, to provide cabins, to create a park and to give it after 15 years of the city without any consideration. This also happened. He founded the swimming pool named after Archduke Albert and the gymnastics company recently associated with this. Other tenants followed until the wooden construction was so badly broken, that its use became dangerous. As a result the city built a similar, slightly larger pool, almost in the same place, but made of bricks. This was no longer in the lake, because the southern end of the lake and the island were separated by the construction of the railway line linking the stations of Pécs and Üszög. The remaining southern part of the lake was filled with the material coming from the mud excavation. On the east side, the basin was built, and to the north a smaller outdoor pool was connected to it. The completion took place in 1887, and this remained the Balokányer swimming pool, until in 1933 the large swimming pool with grandstand was built. With regard to the spread of the suburb of Buda, an important point must be described. The concern of Gáspár Schneider c. capitular, Liceumsprofessor, was to give apartments and houses to poor workers. He acquired the mill of the cathedral with the plum garden. At the end of Ady Endre utca, where the Marx út branches off, he purchased in 1850 a large site, then in 1856 that empty mountainside which remained between the Barátur környék and the Fűzfás. Ultimately he built the Gáspár környék on a site the least appropriate for a development. There he built 11 houses. Of these, Vilmos Zsolnay 1887 acquired eight. So, the development of the slope of Havihegy has been completed.

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The area bounded by the Tettye, Vak Bottyán, Szöllő, and Mandula utcák was the farm, garden and vineyard of the family Petrovszky. In 1843, they sold it to Antal Teielsbauer - formerly Taifelspaur - who parcelled out the area. Neighbors joined in and thus the Antal, Mandula, Mihály, Szöllő, Derkovits and partly the Zöldfa and Ótemető utcák were created at the end of the century. Vilmos Zsolnay bought the former Újtemető at the Mindenszentek in 1867. Between 1882 and 1894, he sold the land in parcels. Thus was born the Virág and the Hatház utca and the other part of the Zöldfa utca. In other parts of the suburb, there was no significant expansion in the 19th century. Above, we described the origins and the fate of the most important objects in the individual stages of the development. In essence we tried trace the directions of the spread of the suburb, as well as the extent of the spread and if a special justification was required to clarify it. This of course also relates to the story of the street names. In this work, only these introductory texts are suitable as reading material. Following them are only dry, documented data. These different parts though are not independent of each other. The data had to, not least with help of the maps, after requisite selection, be grouped so that what was said could be understood. It also follows, whether or not it is appropriate to collect all data required for any study or only a part, because one can arrive at very different conclusions. It happens that for the same reference two different, possibly conflicting data are available. Our task, however, was not the criticism of the source, but the presentation of all possible data. The criticism of the source is the responsibility of the user. Since the present has already covered the past in many cases, we placed great emphasis on the evaluation of the available maps. It necessarily follows that the maps are also essential in how the data are used. But, one should be reminded of some things that tie together with research and with the processing of the found data. Above the defectiveness of the area measurements was already described. Before the first surveying of the city – which occurred in 1777 - the area measurements were never specified in square fathoms. When the city sold land, there was talk only of sale of the land or building space and only the selling price was specified precisely. Later, the length and breadth of the land occurred more often in addition to the price. This was the case also in private transactions. Only after the Duplatre survey or its revision by Quits was the mass given in square fathoms, but even then still not uniformly or systematically. The larger lots were made up of two parts, where one part was the house, barn, stable etc. with the court, the other part was the garden and vegetable garden.

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Either the entire property or only the area without garden was listed in the registries and conscriptions. There have been cases where the area of the house and the garden were specified separately. One could also say that the specification process was irrelevant, because none corresponded to reality. There have been many cases where the city had a property measured or this was done by private individuals in the purchase act or when the inheritance was shared, however no example was found where the measurement result agreed with the registered data. But it occurred rarely as well that one would have corrected the land registry after such control measurements. There have been numerous cases where the land was divided, a part was sold, the sale was officially declared, the land office handed out the official letter of the house, the plot with reduced area was listed, however, in the subsequent conscriptions still with the original area measurements. In the peripheral regions, it was systemic, so to speak, that a small plot – with a lack of neighbours - at once began to grow, and only after decades, possibly after centuries it turned out that it was much larger than the original measurement. The differences in the control measurements were not 1-2 square fathoms, but 10-20, and even 50 square fathoms were not uncommon. Strangely enough the properties in general were larger in fact than in the registries. This superficial use of plot measures could be look for in the low land prices. Exceptions are places of outstanding importance, such as the main street, where one could buy house places for a guilder per 2-3 square fathoms. This means that the price of a square fathom matched the daily income of a hired labourer, but there were even lower prices in the peripheral regions. Especially the bricklaying and carpenter journeymen were common land buyers of such parcels who soon after built on it a cottage and thereby solved their housing problems. Even the land register introduced in 1856 did not more closely manage the land affairs. From the outset only the dimensions of the gardens were registered in this. But again, this was according to the dimensions listed in the Duplatre cadastre, and even then it was rounded off because the area measurements of each garden end in zero. The dimensions of the garden could change over time. Therefore, there were cases when the garden was sold in instalments; for example; a 50 square fathoms garden gave 2-3 sites, 40 square fathoms large. This means that one must not accept the plot measures occurring in the data as being authentic, although they are often something of a benchmark. In addition to its defectiveness, the registry was rigid, from the point of view of research there were also benefits. The most important and most labour-intensive part of the research on it was the identification. To determine from a purchase which has come to light or another reference to which site it refers. If, under the data one area is, say 137 square fathoms, then the first task was to locate all 137 square fathoms large land from conscription close in time, so the amount of data to be explored thoroughly was restricted, because under the existing, let us say 800 properties, there might be no more than 4-5 such dimensions. This has significantly accelerated the work.

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In the 1880s, the cadastral maps of 1865 were updated and edited using the method of on-site visits, and the land registries were provided with changes which had occurred in the meantime with the introduction of the deposit scheme with maps, to ensure, at the same time, compliance of the cadastre map and of the land register. The studied material is trilingual: Hungarian, German, and Latin. The frequency of occurrence of these three languages in the manuscripts is approximately a third in each. It is surprising that the Slavic material comes to us only in the private documents, such as wills, inheritance and contract matters. From the Hungarian material, we took the names literally, even when obvious misspellings. This refers both to the surnames as well as the Christian names. If the material in the interest of possible reduction of its size had to be shortened considerably, we did that in today's content, but we tried sometimes to incorporate a distinctive word or name. When it came to some more important published matters, we attempted to quote at least in part, or to shorten the found material with the inclusion of quotations with all its mistakes and its orthography. From the foreign-language material we adopted literally only the surnames, the Christian names where possible in their modern form. If there was no Hungarian equivalent, then also literally. We have also translated the name of employment and of the professions; possibly we did not use the modern forms, but the Hungarian equivalents used at that time. We have used the other text in mutatis translation, but not consistently, because some parts, not closely related to the topic, have been omitted. If we had the feeling that the information would be more authentic and accurate, we cited some phrases or sections in the original language. Often, the "pig Latin" caused problems, which made for almost untranslatable individual passages in the urban writings. Only the knowledge of the circumstances or the later events could provide help for the correct interpretation. In many cases, the situation was even worse with German texts, especially in the material of the 18th century, because each wrote according to a “spelling” reflecting the dialect and pronunciation. This diversity is probably understandable, because it is well known that the immigrants came in the 18th century from many parts of the German language area. It was surprising in the Slavic written material that we never encountered Croatian or Bosnian folk names, or the "zidina" word. At the beginning of the 18th century the Serbs, later only Croats are mentioned. There were also surprises for the Hungarian part, such as sarutás [sandal maker] from the craftsmen’s vocabulary. There was no interpretation for it in the trade literature, even though they had their own guild. Fortunately, the judicial examination of them lasted a quarter of a century, during which it turned out that these were nothing other than the Hungarian shoemaker, in other words, are the white shoemaker, which is separated from the Serbian or red shoemakers, with whom they were together in a guild. Then, this word became their local name. But it is also a surprise that

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around the middle of the 19th century in the documents and official representations, those masters involved with the leather processing, the cordovan tanners, fur tanners, tanners, mentioned such large factory owners as Höffler and Krämer. Perhaps it would not have been noticed by anyone, if it had been reported in the Vince utca, where almost no one lived, if all at once a dozen grocers appeared. Due to the identification of the names one could then learn about them, that they were until then fur tanners. This name lived only a short time. In this context we asked at the archives of other counties, according to their replies they had not met such terms. Though the mentions in the examples do not relate to this work, they do, however, occur in the materials. For the sake of comprehension, we thought to mention these possibilities. In the studied real estate, there were also those for which their establishment and the various stages of their construction could not be clarified from the researched file material. When it was more important objects rather than simpler plots, deeper extensive research was necessary. Among these were the cemeteries, the gunpowder mill, Poturluk and Balokány and a few other objects of the suburb of Buda. In such cases, individual references and references in all foreign materials contributed to the enlightenment of questionable points. Maria Moro, the main archivist, in many cases offered very great help, for which we thank her also on this occasion for her efforts and selfless assistance in the research and access to such materials.

József Madas